This study investigates low participation in the Minimum Teacher Salary provision of SB 813, which had previously been reported by the Legislative Analyst. Only a small percentage of funds were claimed for 1983-84 and 1984-85. Researchers surveyed 48 districts in CA, showing a potential mean beginning salary of over $19K by 1985-86. The concern about underparticipation may be unfounded, as a large percentage of districts will participate, while those that do not have reasons. Large districts participate more than small and medium sized ones, and participation in rural areas is increasing.

States can help local schools improve by implementing effective school improvement strategies. A study by the Education Commission of the States (ECS) identified key elements that can transform schools into more effective organizations, and various roles that states can play in the change process. The study analyzed data collected in 40 schools in 10 states, providing a solid knowledge base for implementing state-mandated education reforms. Effective strategies and conditions for success were studied using a case-study approach. The study began in late 1983 and was completed in early 1985.

California invests heavily in high school vocational education, but it does not effectively prepare students for the labor market. To improve outcomes, vocational education should teach problem-solving and teamwork, integrate with academics, and focus on continual learning. ROC/ROPs should continue to provide job skills training, but prioritize competence over job placement in evaluation.

This report resulted from an opinion survey of California teachers conducted in spring 1985. Surveys were mailed to 1,100 California classroom teachers reflecting a true cross section of all California teachers. More than 70% of those surveyed returned completed questionnaires. This unusually high rate of return, plus the representative nature of the survey sample, make it possible to generalize survey conclusions to California teachers as a whole.

Public school policy mak­ing is embedded in a complex societal matrix. It is not possi­ble to consider the future of U.S. schools without examining the size and distribution of future populations; the future state of the economy and its ef­fect on funds available for the schools; and the political context within which decisions will be made. The public school system is a "dependent variable" of larger social and economic forces.

Several state legislatures have acted on recommendations to improve U.S. public schools, resulting in a swift and broad education reform movement. States have expanded school improvement programs, increased high school graduation and college admission requirements, deepened course offerings, and strengthened the teaching profession. Indicators of progress include longer school attendance, tougher academic courses, better counseling, higher achievement test scores, and increased teacher pay. This swift and broad movement gives reason for optimism about its success.

Rising national demands for better public K-12 education are not resulting in overall increases in education funding, according to an analysis of changes in education funding across all 50 states during the 1980s. While recent funding increases have halted the drop in the real level of resources per pupil that occurred in the early 1980s, only South Carolina and Tennessee have increased real revenues per child by close to 20%. Demands for education improvement exceed the level of fiscal resources needed to make those improvements.

California's waiver authority provides school districts relief from Education Code, allowing them to seek alternatives to state requirements subject to local and state review. Waivers are automatically approved unless denied by the State Board of Education, which rarely happens over local objections. Program waivers are rare despite clamor for needed flexibility, possibly due to districts being unaware of the process, viewing it as time-consuming, or using suboptimal local procedures. Oversight hearings are recommended to explore the potential of the waiver process.

Teacher shortages in certain subjects and geographic areas may undermine educational improvements. Without changes, an annual shortfall of 4,000 to 7,000 teachers is expected over five years, with the greatest shortages in bilingual education and secondary math and science. Strong incentives will be needed to recruit enough qualified teachers.

Increased state funding of public education has led to a call for statewide accountability systems. Current trends rely on standardized true-false testing, which can distort what happens in schools when financial incentives are linked with the tests. Teachers are important, and accountability should provide positive encouragement without excessive use of testing. A set of principles and an outline for a statewide accountability system that relies on both top-down and bottom-up accountability is presented.

This technical report provides an overview of California's educational system, intended for educators, public officials, journalists, and informed citizens. With over four million students and a $17 billion annual cost, the state's school system is vast and complex. The report offers comparisons of California's education system to itself in prior years and other states, revealing patterns of change and suggesting future trends. These trends serve as a guide for the many facts and figures presented in the report.

This study examines curricular changes in California high schools from 1982-85, as educational reforms aimed to enhance academic rigor. Findings show increased offerings in academic subjects like math, science, and advanced placement, and decreased offerings in areas such as industrial arts, home economics, and business education. The data aligns with statewide curricular changes, likely influenced by mandates for more extensive graduation requirements and alterations to university entrance requirements.

Science education is crucial for the nation's future, but the curriculum needs to be updated to keep pace with scientific advances and changes in society. The classical image of science has changed, and science education must now be taught in a social context with an emphasis on critical thinking and responsible decision-making. Efforts to improve science education need a conceptual framework that justifies the need for change and provides direction. A new vision is required to transform science education and improve scientific and technological literacy.

Comprehensive school guidance programs attempt to address a range of student needs on personal, social, career, and academic dimensions. Many guidance and counseling programs, however, have suffered cutbacks in recent years even though students continue to be in need of guidance, and students themselves have expressed a desire for assistance.

Expenditures for elementary and secondary education in California must rise by about 59 percent between 1983–84 and the end of the decade just to maintain the status quo in terms of real per-student spending. This would amount to a K–12 budget in 1989–90 of $21.9 billion. Yet K–12 revenues are projected to grow by only 50 percent (under one scenario) or by about 72 percent (under another). In other words, unless the revenue structure is significantly altered, projected school revenues through 1990 will be inadequate to maintain the same level of spending per student or will increase at a pace...

This report analyzes the role of policy issue networks in early state policymaking stages and interstate diffusion of policy innovations. It defines agenda setting as active and serious consideration of a specific issue by state policymakers and investigates how state policymakers are stimulated to consider policy issues across the U.S. The authors further examine the nature of policy issue networks and their interaction with specific state political cultures, providing insights into the rapid interstate diffusion of new policy issues in the 1970s.

California's credentialing issues are complex, with roots before statehood and ongoing challenges today. With a growing need for teachers, current and future policies will shape the workforce. The State and related agencies must attract qualified educators, but the Commission on Teacher Credentialing's performance is questioned. This report examines governance issues and suggests alternatives to improve the Commission and elevate the teaching profession, while offering historical context on past reform efforts to stimulate discussion and positive change.

The impact of school-based management plans on student achievement in California is examined with a focus on Hispanic students. Demographic data on Hispanics in California is reviewed to highlight problems with defining and counting the Hispanic population. School-based management plans can have a positive impact on student achievement, particularly for Hispanic students, but their effectiveness depends on several factors. This report emphasizes the need for careful planning and equitable distribution of resources to support their implementation.

This report explores the role of accountability in school improvement and its potential drawbacks. While accountability can provide feedback, reorient action, and justify action, it can also lead to gross distortions and may not sufficiently incentivize teachers. The authors argue for a consensual view of the teacher's role and for parsimonious accountability schemes that enhance the quality of life among teachers. They propose design considerations that can improve the effectiveness of testing and controls to enhance the teaching profession.

The first in a series of annual reports on education in California aims to assess school performance objectively. It summarizes data on demography, academic performance, curriculum, personnel, and finances. Highlighting California's 1983 education reform effort, the report provides a baseline for assessing future reforms, with successive reports addressing the same dimensions. It focuses on K-12 public schools but also includes some data on nonpublic and postsecondary education.

California is at a critical juncture in education, needing up to 190,000 new teachers by 1991 and replacing 75% of the teaching force. Recommendations to improve teaching quality are proposed in this paper, focusing on changes in certification, professional training, and career structure. The state has the opportunity to ensure quality education for the 77 million students who will be taught by these new teachers.